Equal Protection: Race

Case List

From Separate but Equal to Desegregation

Strauder v. W. Va. (1880)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1955)
Green v. County Sch. Bd. of New Kent County (1968)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ. (1971)
Keyes v. School Dist. No. 1 (1973)
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler (1976)
Freeman v. Pitts (1992)
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)

How Courts Review Racial Discrimination

Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
McLaughlin v. Florida (1964)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)
Washington v. Davis (1976)
Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Dev. Corp. (1977)

Defining State Action

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)
Reitman v. Mulkey (1967)
Moose Lodge v. Irvis (1972)
Hills v. Gautreaux (1976)

Educational Affirmative Action

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Regents of the Univ. of Calif. v. Bakke (1978)
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Fisher v. Texas (II) (2016)
Schuette v. BAMN (2014)

Economic Affirmative Action

Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980)
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Ed. (1986)
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co (1989)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena (1995)