Equal Protection: Gender and Other Groups

Case List

Historical Treatment of Gender

Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)

“Setting the Standard”

Reed v. Reed (1971)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)
Kahn v. Shevin (1974)
Weinberger v. Wisenfeld (1975)
Stanton v. Stanton (1975)
Craig v. Boren (1976)

Applying the New Standard

Orr v. Orr (1979)
Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney (1979)
Roskter v. Goldberg (1981)
Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County (1981)
Sessions v. Morales-Santana (2017)
Vorchheimer v. School Dist. of Philadelphia (1977)
Miss. Univ. for Women v. Hogan (1982)
U.S. v. Virginia (1996)

Equal Protection beyond Race and Gender

Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)
Plyler v. Doe (1985)
Clark v. Jeter (1988)
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia (1976)
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)
Romer v. Evans (1996)